Three-site NICA-Donnan
Extended NICA-Donnan with three binding site types — carboxylic, phenolic, and pyridinic nitrogen — optimized for biochar and pyrogenic carbon materials.
Site Parameters
Experimental Conditions
Site Types
- Site 1: Carboxylic groups — low pKa (~4.6), high capacity, pH-dependent deprotonation
- Site 2: Phenolic/alcoholic groups — medium pKa (~7.2), moderate capacity
- Site 3: Pyridinic nitrogen sites — high affinity for heavy metals, typical of biochar
References
- Huang et al. (2024) DOI: 10.1021/acssusresmgt.3c00104.
- Huang et al. (2025) DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106404.